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The present review is intended to encompass the English language heat transfer papers published in 1999. The papers have been placed into a number of subject categories. While being exhaustive, some selection is necessary. Besides reviewing the journal articles in the body of this paper, we also mention important conferences and meetings on heat transfer and related fields, major awards presented in 1999, and books on heat transfer published during the year.
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Flows experiencing abrupt changes in geometry are often plagued by separation and reattachment. The general category of separated flows considers a variety of geometries including: sudden expansions; flows past bluff objects; flows experiencing shock interactions; and the myriad of tube bundle configurations common in heat exchangers. The three-dimensional flow and heat transfer over a backward-facing step was examined using the SIMPLER method [28D]. A numerical study was also conducted of the
Many experimental results are cited in other categories of this review. The purpose of this section is to identify papers that focus on new or improved experimental measurement techniques or devices that are useful in experimental studies of heat transfer. The publications referenced here deal explicitly with some aspect of heat transfer measurement or include a general review of techniques that are applicable to heat transfer measurements.
A number of investigators considered various aspects of heat transfer for buoyancy-driven convection around a vertical plate. Experiments were performed with a constant heat flux boundary condition on a vertical surface immersed in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids over a large range of viscosities [8FF]. Another study considered convection in thermomicropolar fluids [3FF]. The influence of thermophoresis has been examined [5FF] with a finite difference model. Convection in a porous
Heat transfer from a single, horizontal, rotating silicon wafer containing chips was studied experimentally [6G]. Heat and mass transfer from a liquid film on a rotating disk [1G] and freezing of a liquid impinging on a disk [7G] have been investigated. Flow and heat transfer between two corotating [2G], [4G], [5G] and two counter rotating disks [3G] have been studied.
This section is composed of papers obtained through searching current contents in the general area of bioheat transfer. It should be emphasized that this is only a subset of the total papers available in this area and should not be taken as comprehensive.
Papers on condensation during 1999 are separated into those which dealt with surface geometry effects; those on the effects of global geometry, thermal boundary conditions and external influences; papers presenting techniques for modeling and analysis; papers on unsteady effects and papers dealing with mixtures. A discussion of the better-understood aspects of condensation heat transfer was presented in a review paper [1JJ].
Papers in some applications in this section are so numerous that only selections could be included. This applies to meteorology, manufacturing, chemical processing and reactors. Papers were selected which discussed the heat transfer process specifically.
Papers are broadly divided into solar radiation, low-temperature solar applications, high-temperature solar applications, and energy use in buildings. Papers on solar energy or energy conservation that do not focus on heat transfer, for example, papers on photovoltaics, wind energy, architectual aspects of building design, and control of space heating or cooling systems are not included.
Design and fabrication process of flexible TE cooler; (a) Schematic illustration of cooling garment with flexible TE coolers (left) and internal structure of TE (right); (b) Photograph of flexible TE cooler; (c) Schematic illustration of TE design, where hair is heat transfer coefficient, GTED is thermal conductance, Th and Tc are temperatures at hot and cold sides of TE; (d) Schematic diagram and photographs showing the flexibility of the TED; (e) Finite element simulation of GTED and bending stiffness of flexible TE coolers as a function of pillar height [135]. Copyright 2019 AAAS.
Among various metal oxide semiconductors, TiO2 is considered as a prime candidate due to its many peculiar properties1,2 for diverse applications. It is the most suitable candidate for photocatalytic applications due to its biological and chemical inertness, strong oxidizing power, non-toxicity and long term stabilization against photo and chemical corrosion3. The films of TiO2 have valuable applications in LEDs, gas sensors, heat reflectors, transparent electrodes, thin film photo-anode to develop new photovoltaic, photo-electrochemical cells, solar cells and water splitting4,5,6,7,8,9,10. In anodic applications, it is a preferred material because of its low density/molar mass and structural integrity over many charge and discharge cycles11. However, the efficiency of pure TiO2 is substantially low because of its wide band gap and fast recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes. The key issue to improve the performance of TiO2 relies on efficient light harvesting, including the increase of its photo-efficiency and expansion of photo-response region and to ensure efficient number of photo-generated electrons and holes reaching to the surface before their recombination. In order to meet these desired performances the bands structure modification of TiO2 is preferred. 2ff7e9595c
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